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Published on July 3, 2008; 10.1104/pp.108.120006

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Received March 28, 2008
Accepted June 27, 2008

Arabidopsis MAP Kinase Kinases MKK1 and MKK2 have overlapping functions in defense signalling mediated by MEKK1, MPK4 and MKS1

Jin-Long Qiu , Lu Zhou , Byung-Wook Yun , Henrik Bjorn Nielsen , Berthe Katrine Fiil , Klaus Petersen , Jim MacKinlay , Gary J. Loake , John Mundy , and Peter C. Morris *

Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, BioCentrum, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

* Corresponding author; email: p.c.morris{at}hw.ac.uk.

The Arabidopsis thaliana MKK1 and MKK2 MAP kinase kinases have been implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a signalling cascade including MEKK1 and MPK4. Here, the double loss-of-function mutant (mkk1/2) of MKK1 and MKK2 is shown to have marked phenotypes in development and disease resistance similar to those of the single mekk1 and mpk4 mutants. Since mkk1 or mkk2 single mutants appear wild type, basal levels of MPK4 activity are not impaired in them, and MKK1 and MKK2 are in part functionally redundant in unchallenged plants. These findings are confirmed and extended by biochemical and molecular analyses implicating the kinases in jasmonate- and salicylate-dependent defense responses, mediated in part via the MPK4 substrate MKS1. In addition, transcriptome analyses delineate overlapping and specific effects of the kinases on global gene expression patterns demonstrating both redundant and unique functions for MKK1 and MKK2.






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