First published online October 1, 2004; 10.1104/pp.104.044784
Plant Physiology 136:3114-3123 (2004)
© 2004 American Society of Plant Biologists
DEVELOPMENT AND HORMONE ACTION
Production of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates (O2·–, H2O2, and ·OH) by Maize Roots and Their Role in Wall Loosening and Elongation Growth
Anja Liszkay,
Esther van der Zalm and
Peter Schopfer*
Institut für Biologie II der Universität, D–79104 Freiburg, Germany
Cell extension in the growing zone of plant roots typically takes place with a maximum local growth rate of 50% length increase per hour. The biochemical mechanism of this dramatic growth process is still poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that the wall-loosening reaction controlling root elongation is effected by the production of reactive oxygen intermediates, initiated by a NAD(P)H oxidase-catalyzed formation of superoxide radicals (O2·–) at the plasma membrane and culminating in the generation of polysaccharide-cleaving hydroxyl radicals (·OH) by cell wall peroxidase. The following results were obtained using primary roots of maize (Zea mays) seedlings as experimental material. (1) Production of O2·–, H2O2, and ·OH can be demonstrated in the growing zone using specific histochemical assays and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. (2) Auxin-induced inhibition of growth is accompanied by a reduction of O2·– production. (3) Experimental generation of ·OH in the cell walls with the Fenton reaction causes wall loosening (cell wall creep), specifically in the growing zone. Alternatively, wall loosening can be induced by ·OH produced by endogenous cell wall peroxidase in the presence of NADH and H2O2. (4) Inhibition of endogenous ·OH formation by O2·– or ·OH scavengers, or inhibitors of NAD(P)H oxidase or peroxidase activity, suppress elongation growth. These results show that juvenile root cells transiently express the ability to generate ·OH, and to respond to ·OH by wall loosening, in passing through the growing zone. Moreover, inhibitor studies indicate that ·OH formation is essential for normal root growth.
Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.044784.
* Corresponding author; e-mail peter.schopfer{at}biologie.uni-freiburg.de; fax 49–761–203–2612.
Received April 20, 2004;
returned for revision June 23, 2004;
accepted June 28, 2004.
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